A patient needs a different entry document for each of the six Health onMESSE hub destinations. Türkiye accepts visa-free entry for exempt nationalities, an e-Visa that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs limits to tourism or commerce, or a sticker “medical treatment visa” from a Turkish mission. India issues an e-Medical visa on a hospital letter, with up to two e-Medical Attendant visas per patient. The UAE issues a patient entry permit that a UAE-licensed hospital applies for, from GDRFA in Dubai (90 or 180 days) or ICP in the other emirates. Mexico has no medical visa and admits patients as visitors without permission for remunerated activities for up to 180 days. Spain and Germany issue a Schengen visa for up to 90 days in any 180, decided within 15 days and up to 45, on a clinic letter, proof of funds and insurance of at least EUR 30,000. This guide sets out, for each destination, the route, the issuer, the provider’s letter, the stay, the companions, the processing time, the extension and the typical refusal reasons exactly as the official pages published them on 17 October 2026. Rules move, so check the official portal on the day; this is planning information, not legal advice.
Updated: 2026-10-17 · Reading time: 53 min · Guide
Most avoidable refusals and cancellations come from treating a medical visa as if it settled everything. Three separate permissions decide whether a patient can be treated abroad, and each has a different issuer.
Each page below follows the same fields: entry route, issuer, provider’s letter, stay, companions, processing, extension, typical refusal reasons, the nationality check and a documents wallet. They cover the six hub destinations of Health onMESSE; see the hubs guide for the cities. Nationality-by-nationality tables are deliberately left out: they change often, so each page links the official checker instead.
Entry route: Visa-free for exempt nationalities, e-Visa where eligible (tourism or commerce only, says the Ministry of Foreign Affairs), or a sticker “medical treatment visa” from a Turkish mission. Nationals of countries exempt from visas enter without one (Law No. 6458, Art. 12(1)(a)); the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is where to check the exemption. Other nationals may qualify for the e-Visa at evisa.gov.tr, but the Ministry states that the e-Visa “is only valid when the purpose of travel is tourism or commerce”. A patient who needs a visa applies for a sticker visa at the Turkish mission that serves their country, through visa.gov.tr. The Turkish Consulates General in New York and Guangzhou both publish a medical treatment visa checklist for 2025, and the New York sheet says a foreign citizen who wishes to have medical treatment in Türkiye “must enter Turkey on a medical treatment visa”. The Ministry of Health’s HealthTürkiye portal also describes a medical visa and sends readers to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to check visa exemption. None of the official pages read says whether a visa-exempt or e-Visa national may travel for treatment on that route, so put the question to the mission in writing before the quote is signed.
Issued by: Ministry of Foreign Affairs through Turkish missions (visa.gov.tr) and evisa.gov.tr; border control decides entry.
Provider’s letter: Missions ask for a document from the treating side that proves the need for treatment. The 2025 checklists name a doctor’s letter that states how long the treatment will last, how many sessions are needed and how long each session takes (New York), and an official document from the health institution certifying that the treatment is necessary (Guangzhou). Older mission notices ask for a hospital acceptance letter that names the patient and the companion, the illness and the treatment (Tripoli, 2017), and for a medical-treatment invitation letter plus a patient acceptance letter that the hospital emails to the embassy, with a receipt for prepayment (Dhaka, 2019). Requirements differ by mission, so work from the checklist of the mission that will decide, and treat the last line below as good practice, not a stated rule.
What the letter should show:
Stay as published: At most 90 days in any 180 on a visa or exemption (Law No. 6458, Art. 11); longer treatment needs a residence permit. The stay that a visa or a visa exemption provides in Türkiye cannot exceed 90 days in any 180 days (Law No. 6458, Art. 11(1)). The days on a given e-Visa or sticker visa depend on the nationality and are printed on it. Treatment that will run past that window is handled as a short-term residence permit: Art. 31(1)(f) of the same law provides one for people who will receive treatment, on application to the migration authority.
Companions: No separate attendant visa and no cap on the pages read: each companion applies on their own passport. The pages read create no separate attendant visa and set no cap on the number of companions. A companion who needs a visa applies on their own passport (the Guangzhou checklist records family members’ details separately), and the older hospital-letter notices ask for the companion to be named in the letter. See companion in the glossary.
Processing as published: Ministry of Health portal: about a week to ten days; missions advise applying at least one month before travel. The Ministry of Health portal says a medical visa is generally issued in about a week to ten days. The Turkish Consulates General in New York and Guangzhou advise applying at least one month before the trip and ask applicants not to finalise travel arrangements before the decision; New York adds that it cannot expedite an application, and Guangzhou gives 3 to 5 weeks for non-Chinese nationals holding only a Chinese visa. Law No. 6458, Art. 11(4), requires consulates to conclude applications within 90 days. The fee depends on the visa type and the length of stay: read it on the mission’s page.
Extension: The pages read give no in-country extension of a visa. Instead the law provides a short-term residence permit for people who will receive treatment (Art. 31(1)(f)), granted on application and on the conditions of Art. 32: suitable accommodation, an address in Türkiye and, if requested, a criminal-record certificate. The hospital’s letter and the treatment plan are what the file rests on; ask the migration authority how long a decision takes before promising dates.
Typical refusal reasons:
Check the nationality: Check the nationality on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs visa page and on evisa.gov.tr, then read the checklist of the Turkish mission that serves the patient’s country of residence.
Documents wallet (one per traveller):
Official pages read on 17 October 2026:
Entry route: e-Medical visa on the e-Visa portal for eligible nationalities (hospital letter required), or a regular Medical visa from an Indian mission. The e-Visa portal offers an e-Medical Visa (e-M1 V and e-M3 V) for medical treatment and a matching e-Medical Attendant Visa (e-M2 V and e-M4 V). It lists 175 eligible countries and regions; holders of Pakistani passports or of Pakistani origin must apply for a regular visa at an Indian mission, and the e-Visa is not available for diplomatic or official passports. Nationals who are not eligible apply for a regular Medical visa (MED) and Medical Attendant visa (MED X), which the Ministry of Home Affairs describes in “Details of visas granted by India”. The e-Medical applicant uploads the passport bio page and a letter from the hospital in India on its letterhead. The passport must be valid for at least six months when applying, the traveller needs a return or onward ticket and funds for the stay, and biometrics are taken at immigration on arrival. The portal also lists designated airports and seaports of entry.
Issued by: Government of India: the e-Visa portal for the e-Medical visa; Indian missions for the regular Medical visa under Ministry of Home Affairs rules.
Provider’s letter: For the e-Medical visa the portal asks for a copy of a letter from the hospital in India, on its letterhead, that includes the date, or tentative date, on which admission has been suggested. For the regular visa the Ministry of Home Affairs asks hospital authorities to send the medical invitation letter or appointment letter, in the format of its Appendix II, to the official email address of the Indian mission, and to give patients and attendants separate letters for visa extension and for registration with the FRRO or FRO (Appendices III and IV). The Appendix II format names the patient, the diagnosis, the hospital and place, the consultant and department who advised the treatment, the cost and duration of treatment, the passport numbers of the patient and the attendant, and an authorised signatory with contact details.
Stay as published: The portal states both 365 days from arrival and 60 days from first arrival; the regular Medical visa runs up to one year or the treatment period. The e-Visa portal gives two different answers for the e-Medical visa. Its category list says “one year (365 days) from the date of arrival into India”, with multiple entries. Its FAQ (Q9) says the validity is “60 days from the date of first arrival in India”, with multiple entries allowed within the validity stamped on the passport. Do not promise a patient one figure: read the validity on the granted ETA. For the regular Medical visa, the Ministry of Home Affairs document of August 2020 (No. 25022/62/2020-F-I) says the initial validity may be up to one year or the period of treatment, whichever is less, and that missions may grant six months with triple entry as the default.
Companions: Two e-Medical Attendant visas per e-Medical patient; each attendant applies separately. The e-Visa FAQ (Q33) says only two e-Medical Attendant Visas are granted against one e-Medical Visa. The attendant uploads the passport bio page; no hospital letter is listed for that category. For the regular visa, the Ministry of Home Affairs allows not more than two attendants or family members at a time on a MED X visa, co-terminus with the patient’s Medical visa (one for Pakistani nationals, three for Bangladeshi nationals), and minor children accompanying a parent may receive an X-Misc visa. See companion in the glossary.
Processing as published: No processing time on the portal: apply at least 4 days before arrival and up to 120 days ahead. The portal states no processing time. It says applicants for the e-Medical and e-Medical Attendant visas may apply online at least 4 days before the date of arrival, within a window of 120 days (its example: apply on 1 September and choose an arrival date from 5 September to 2 January), and that the fee must be paid at least 4 days before the expected travel date. Confirm that the ETA shows as granted before the journey and carry a copy. The fee is country-specific, comes with a bank transaction charge, and is not refunded if the application is rejected.
Extension: The portal says the e-Visa is non-extendable and non-convertible. The 2020 Ministry of Home Affairs text still allowed an e-Medical extension of up to six months case by case; treat the current portal wording as the rule and ask the Foreigners Regional Registration Office (FRRO) if treatment runs on. For the regular Medical visa, the FRRO or FRO can extend by a further year on a medical certificate from a Government, ICMR, NABH, MCI or CGHS recognised hospital, and any further extension rests with the Ministry of Home Affairs. A medical or attendant visa valid for more than 180 days requires FRRO registration within 14 days of arrival. See NABH in the glossary.
Check the nationality: Check the nationality on the e-Visa portal’s list of eligible countries and regions. If the nationality is not on it, the regular Medical visa from an Indian mission is the route.
Entry route: No dedicated medical visa: patients enter as visitors without permission to carry out remunerated activities, with a visa only if their nationality requires one. INM describes the visitor status “sin permiso para realizar actividades remuneradas” for tourism, business and other unpaid activities. Nationals of the countries on INM’s published list (page dated 1 March 2024; the list is an image) must obtain a visa, and a valid visa, or residence, of Canada, the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom or a Schengen state is accepted as an alternative to a Mexican visa on the conditions INM sets. The visa sheet of the Embassy of Mexico in Paraguay lists “receiving medical treatments” among the activities of this status. Other nationals travel without a visa and complete the multiple immigration form (FMM). No page read creates a medical visa, a medical attendant visa or a hospital registration for the patient.
Issued by: Mexican consulates (SRE) issue the visa; National Migration Institute (INM) officers decide admission at the port of entry.
Provider’s letter: The consulate sheets do not prescribe a hospital letter. To obtain the visa an applicant must show one of several grounds: ties to the country of residence, economic solvency, an invitation from a public or private organisation or institution, humanitarian reasons and a few others. A hospital invitation is the natural document for the invitation ground and also answers the officer’s question about the purpose of the trip, but ask the consulate whether it accepts it for a patient. Where no visa is needed, the pages read set no letter requirement; carry it anyway, because INM officers may interview the traveller about the purpose of the trip. The items below are good practice, not a prescribed format.
Stay as published: Up to 180 days; a visa only lets the traveller present at the port of entry. The visitor status allows up to 180 days (INM; the consulate sheets give the same figure), and INM adds that 180 days cannot be exceeded unless the person holds a residence or another immigration procedure. The Embassy of Mexico in Paraguay lists multiple entries during the validity of the visa. The consulate sheets state that a visa “does not guarantee entry”: it only allows the foreign national to present at a port of entry and ask to enter, and admission is subject to approval by the health and immigration authorities there.
Companions: No attendant category: each companion enters under the same status on their own passport and visa. The pages read create no attendant or companion category. A companion who needs a visa applies on their own passport under the same status; a companion who does not need one completes their own FMM. Name companions in the hospital’s letter. See companion in the glossary.
Processing as published: Consulate sheet: up to 10 working days to resolve a visa application, by appointment. The sheet of the Embassy of Mexico in Paraguay gives up to 10 working days “by law” to resolve a visa application. The Chicago sheet asks applicants to book the appointment through MiConsulado. The sheets of the Omaha (2025) and Chicago consulates list a fee of USD 54 for reception, processing and, if applicable, authorisation of the visa; the Paraguay sheet says to consult the current fees. Confirm with the consulate that serves the patient.
Extension: The pages read describe no extension inside the 180 days. INM states that the 180 days cannot be exceeded unless the person holds a residence or another immigration procedure, so ask INM before a treatment plan runs past the stay granted at the border.
Check the nationality: Check the nationality on the INM page “Países y regiones que requieren visa para viajar a México”, then book the consular appointment through MiConsulado.
Entry route: GCC citizens need no visa and some nationalities get a visa on arrival; patients who need a permit enter on a patient entry permit sponsored by a UAE-licensed medical establishment. The UAE Government portal (u.ae) says GCC citizens do not need a visa and that citizens of several countries receive a visa on arrival, while others apply in advance; it links a checker, says the lists change and requires passports valid for at least 6 months from the date of entry. For treatment the portal describes “patient and companion entry permits”: the medical establishment sponsors the patient and “takes the responsibility of processing entry permits for treatment upon the patient’s request”, and in Dubai the sponsor must be a hospital licensed and registered in the UAE. Whether a visa-free or visa-on-arrival nationality still needs the permit for a hospital stay is not stated on the pages read: ask the hospital’s international patient office. See UAE health facility licence in the glossary.
Issued by: GDRFA Dubai in Dubai; the Federal Authority for Identity, Citizenship, Customs and Port Security (ICP) for the other six emirates.
Provider’s letter: The hospital applies, so the provider’s letter is the sponsor’s own submission. For Dubai the patient file consists of a passport copy valid for at least six months, a photo, an approved medical report, a letter from the sponsor explaining the reasons for the visit and proof of medical insurance, together with a financial security deposit; the escort file needs a passport copy, a photo, a copy of the patient’s visa and a hospital letter. The federal page lists these documents for Dubai only.
Stay as published: Dubai: one or several entries, valid 90 or 180 days; ICP emirates: one or several entries, duration not stated on the federal page. GDRFA Dubai lists the medical visa as a visit visa for treatment, for one or several entries, valid for 90 days or 180 days. For the other emirates the federal page says the permit is issued for a single or multiple entries but does not state the duration, so take it from the permit itself.
Companions: A companion permit of the same entry type, entering with the patient; extended only if the patient’s is. The escort visa is for one or several entries, valid for 90 or 180 days, and must match the patient’s entry type; the escort must enter the UAE with the patient. GDRFA’s service page states no limit on the number of escorts, so ask the sponsor. The companion’s permit can be extended only once, and only if a duly certified medical report states that the patient needs to continue treatment and that the companion is needed in the UAE (UAE Government portal). See companion in the glossary.
Processing as published: GDRFA lists 48 hours for the Dubai service; the federal page gives no time for ICP. GDRFA lists the Dubai service as completed within 48 hours when applied for through its website or smart app with UAE Pass or a username; the service is online only and the hospital applies. Fees and the security deposit are listed on the GDRFA service pages and vary with the validity, so read them there. The federal page gives no processing time or fee for the ICP emirates.
Extension: The pages read describe how a companion’s permit is extended: once only, with a duly certified medical report, and only if the patient’s entry permit is extended. They do not describe how the patient’s own permit is extended, so ask the sponsoring hospital.
Check the nationality: Check the nationality with the checker linked from the UAE Government portal page “Check if you need a visa to enter the UAE” (updated 13 July 2026) and with the sponsoring hospital.
Entry route: Nationals in Annex II of Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 travel without a visa for up to 90 days in 180; nationals in Annex I need a Schengen visa, which covers medical treatment. Annex I of Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 lists the nationalities that need a Schengen visa, and the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs states that the visa allows up to 90 days in any 180 for tourism, business, family visits, medical treatment and studies, among other purposes. Nationals of the countries in Annex II travel without a visa for the same 90-day window. The Commission states that the Entry/Exit System has been fully operational since 10 April 2026, and its page of 28 April 2026 says ETIAS “is scheduled to start in the last quarter of 2026” with the exact date still to be announced, so a visa-exempt patient should check the ETIAS status on the day. The visa is requested from the consulate of the main destination.
Issued by: Spanish consulates when Spain is the main destination; border control decides entry.
Provider’s letter: Annex II of the Visa Code lists, for journeys undertaken for medical reasons, “an official document of the medical institution confirming necessity for medical care in that institution” and proof of sufficient financial means to pay for the treatment. Spanish missions spell the letter out. Hanoi asks for a letter signed by the person responsible for the treatment that describes the illness, justifies treatment in Spain and gives an understandable description of the treatment, the names of the responsible doctors, the estimated duration, whether the stay includes accommodation, whether the patient needs a third person to assist, the price, the mode of payment and whether the amount has been paid or its payment insured. Casablanca (January 2025) asks for an invitation letter from a Spanish doctor, clinic or private hospital that confirms the appointment, the type of treatment, the dates, the approximate cost and what has been paid, and that records a companion if one is needed. Yaoundé asks for the appointment in Spain, the estimated cost and duration, and advance payment of at least 30% of the estimated treatment.
Stay as published: Up to 90 days in any 180, as printed on the visa; a longer stay cannot rest on this visa. A Schengen visa allows a stay of up to 90 days in any 180-day period from the first entry, and the maximum stay is the one printed on the visa label (Consulate General in Casablanca). A stay planned beyond 90 days cannot rest on this visa; the Spanish pages read give no checklist for a longer one, so ask the consulate. A visa does not confer an automatic right of entry: border officers can ask for any document that justifies the stay.
Companions: No separate companion visa: each companion applies for their own visa; the clinic letter says whether the patient needs a third person. There is no separate companion visa: each companion applies for a Schengen visa of their own, as the German Embassy in Baku states for accompanying persons, minors included. The Spanish clinic letter should record whether the patient needs a third person to assist (Hanoi), and Hanoi’s funds formula counts the number of people travelling at the applicant’s expense. See companion in the glossary.
Processing as published: Decision within 15 calendar days, up to 45 in individual cases; apply no more than six months and, as a rule, at least 15 days ahead. Applications are decided within 15 calendar days of the lodging of an admissible application, extendable to 45 calendar days in individual cases (Visa Code, Art. 23); the Commission’s page gives the same figures. Applications are lodged no more than six months and, as a rule, no later than 15 calendar days before the visit (Art. 9(1)). The Commission lists the fee at EUR 90 for adults and EUR 45 for children aged 6 to 12; a Spanish mission’s page may show a different figure, so read the one that applies.
Extension: A visa can be extended on proof of force majeure or humanitarian reasons, free of charge, or on proof of serious personal reasons, for a fee of EUR 30 (Visa Code, Art. 33). A complication that stops the patient travelling home would be put to the authorities as force majeure or a humanitarian reason, and the clinic’s medical statement is the proof to bring; the authority decides. Plan a treatment that is certain to run past 90 days as a long-stay case from the start.
Check the nationality: Check the nationality against Annex I and Annex II of Regulation (EU) 2018/1806, then read the page of the Spanish consulate that serves the patient’s country.
Entry route: The same Schengen rules as Spain; a national visa (type D) when treatment will exceed 90 days. German missions publish a medical treatment checklist. Germany applies the Schengen rules described for Spain: nationals listed in Annex I of Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 need a visa, nationals in Annex II do not for 90 days in 180, and the Entry/Exit System has been fully operational since 10 April 2026. German embassies publish a checklist for a visa for medical treatment; the embassies in Kuwait (valid as of 15 June 2026) and Baku (June 2025) and the German missions in China (June 2024) are examples. The Kuwait sheet covers patients and accompanying persons whose main destination is Germany. If a patient already knows before the trip that treatment in Germany will exceed 90 days, the Kuwait sheet asks them to contact the embassy first, to apply for a national visa for a long-term stay.
Issued by: German embassies and consulates, often through an external service provider; border control decides entry.
Provider’s letter: The German sheets set out the clinic’s confirmation in detail. Baku asks for a confirmation from the German clinic or the treating doctor with the patient’s name and date of birth, the inviting clinic’s full address and contacts, the diagnosis, the type of treatment (outpatient or inpatient) and the planned accommodation, the expected treatment period and whether follow-up treatment may be needed, the expected costs for treatment and accommodation, the clinic’s confirmation that the costs were paid in advance or that advance payment is not possible and, if applicable, the need for an accompanying person with name and date of birth. Kuwait asks for a signed letter with a treatment plan (diagnosis, planned treatment, duration, in- or outpatient, estimated recovery time) and a cost estimate, the personal data of accompanying persons and confirmation that an escort is medically indicated, plus a report from the home doctor that the treatment can only be provided abroad. The China sheet asks for the official letterhead with contact person and date, an original signature, the reason, expected duration and type of treatment, the date, the expected costs and a statement on cost coverage.
Stay as published: Up to 90 days in any 180 on a Schengen visa; the Kuwait sheet asks patients whose treatment will exceed 90 days to contact the embassy about a national visa. A Schengen visa covers up to 90 days in any 180-day period. The Kuwait sheet states that visa extensions within Germany are generally not possible and that the holder may not apply for permanent residence while holding this type of visa; it also lists an official obligation declaration under sections 66 to 68 of the Residence Act among the proofs of funds. Treatment that will exceed 90 days belongs to the national visa route: contact the embassy before applying.
Companions: Each accompanying person files their own application; the clinic confirms that a companion is medically needed. Baku requires a separate application for every person travelling, minor children included. The clinic confirms the need for a companion with name and date of birth and the accommodation, and the China sheet asks for proof of accommodation for companions and for outpatient treatment. See companion in the glossary.
Processing as published: 10 to 15 days or 15 to 45 days by nationality (Baku); up to 14 days from receipt of the file (Kuwait); apply up to six months and at least 15 days ahead. The Federal Foreign Office sheets give different figures. Baku: about 10 to 15 days for nationalities covered by a visa facilitation agreement, extendable to 30 calendar days in individual cases, and about 15 to 45 days otherwise. Kuwait: up to 14 days from the day the file reaches the embassy. The sheets agree that applications may be lodged up to six months before travel and should be lodged at least 15 days before. The visa fee is EUR 90 from the age of 12 (Kuwait), plus the service fee of the external provider. Baku advises against buying a flight ticket before the visa is granted; Kuwait asks for a non-cancelled round-trip reservation.
Extension: The Visa Code allows an extension for force majeure or humanitarian reasons (free of charge) or for serious personal reasons (EUR 30) in Art. 33, but the Kuwait sheet states that extensions within Germany are generally not possible for this visa. Plan a long stay as a national-visa case from the start, and keep the clinic’s medical statement ready for any exceptional request.
Check the nationality: Check the nationality in the Federal Foreign Office’s overview of visa requirements and on the page of the German mission that serves the patient’s country.
Agencies join Health onMESSE free of charge, with no stand fee and no subscription. Register as an agency and ask exhibiting clinics, hospitals and hotels in scheduled video meetings which invitation letter, treatment plan and payment proof they issue for each destination.
The invitation letter is the document a provider controls, and the checklists of missions read for this guide ask for the same core facts in different layouts. Build one letter from the core below, then adapt it to the checklist of the mission or authority that will decide.
[Hospital name and licence reference] confirms that [patient name], born [date], passport [number], has been advised by [doctor], [department], to undergo [planned treatment] for [reason], from [date]. Expected duration: [days] ([inpatient or outpatient]); follow-up: [yes or no]. Estimated cost: [amount and currency], of which [amount] has been paid; the balance is payable by [payer]. A companion, [name and passport number], [is or is not] medically required. Contact: [name, telephone, email]. Signed: [name and position], [date].
Rules for a companion differ more than the patient’s own: some systems have a named attendant visa, others have none.
Clinics, hospitals and hotels can exhibit at Health onMESSE and show agencies their international patient office, the invitation letter they issue and how fast they send it, before the first case is booked.
Refusals are common enough to plan for. In 2025, 14.6% of Schengen short-stay applications were refused (14.8% in 2024), and the European Commission’s release of 28 May 2026 shows country rates that differ widely, for example 6.4% for Russian applicants and 53.4% for Burundian applicants. A refusal is a decision with reasons, and the Visa Code gives the applicant the right to appeal.
A patient whose nationality needs no visa still crosses a border check. The Commission states that the Entry/Exit System changes the border procedure for all non-EU nationals on a short stay and has been fully operational since 10 April 2026, and that ETIAS, the travel authorisation for visa-free nationals, was scheduled for the last quarter of 2026 with the exact date still to be announced when its page was written on 28 April 2026; a traveller who needs a visa does not need ETIAS. Mexico’s consulate sheets say officers may interview the traveller about the purpose of the trip, and the Spanish consulate in Casablanca says border officers may ask for any document that justifies the stay. Carry the letter and the treatment plan whatever the nationality.
Every rule, duration, document and processing time above comes from an official government page named under its destination, read on 17 October 2026: the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Health and consulates, the Indian e-Visa portal and Ministry of Home Affairs, the Mexican National Migration Institute and consulates, the UAE Government portal, GDRFA Dubai and ICP, the European Commission, the Visa Code and the Spanish and German foreign-office missions. Fees are quoted only where an official page states one clear figure. Anything we could not trace to an official page was left out.
What the official pages do not settle, so this guide does not either:
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